2 Principles Of Power And Responsibility

　　权责发生制原则和谨慎性原则以其对 企业 经营活动和企业最终经营成果的重大影响力，在企业会计准则中始终处于核心地位。特定环境使两个同时成立又相互矛盾的原则在商业银行的财务管理中同时发挥作用，国有商业银行应切实注意和解决好这对矛盾。

Accrual basis is a method to define receipts and payments as a standard to define the period of financial revenue and expenditure.

It is the most feasible principle that modern enterprises must follow.

The accurate definition of enterprise income and expenditure period is very important for income collection, cost allocation, final financial results formation and tax revenue recognition.

In order to make the accounting information of different industries, departments and enterprises comparable, we can only choose the principle of revenue and expenditure recognition among all enterprises, and confirm the revenue and expenditure period according to the actual time of income and expenditure.

According to the principle of receipt and payment system, it is easy to recognize the revenue and expenditure period, but it can not accurately reflect the real situation of enterprise operation, so it can only adapt to the needs of business accounting under the conditions of simple planned economy and simple commodity production.

Today, with the development of commodity economy and the coexistence of various forms of credit, practice has repeatedly proved that accrual basis is the only choice.

Prudence principle means that enterprises must be cautious when dealing with uncertain economic matters in the future.

Any income that is not absolutely realized can not be artificially recorded. Any foreseeable and should be included in the cost of the current period should be included in the current profit and loss.

All enterprises in the real sense are faced with a risky market. There are a lot of uncertainties in their business activities. Therefore, we must be cautious when dealing with uncertain economic matters in the future.

Artificial virtual income and expenditure are bound to form a bubble economy and bring about false prosperity.

The principles of accrual basis and prudence are rigorous and scientific for themselves, and should be followed by enterprises.

However, if these two principles are placed in objective reality, especially in the objective environment of state-owned commercial banks in China, it is not difficult to see that there is a sharp contradiction between the two propositions. The principle of accrual basis requires that the income and expenditure of enterprises should be determined strictly according to receivable and payable, while ignoring the possibility of its realization.

If a loan reaches the normal interest period, if the loan account is sufficient, the interest can be charged normally. If the borrower fails to pay interest, according to the accrual basis principle and the relevant regulations, the interest accrued shall be accounted for through the "receivable interest" subject within six months after the loan is overdue, so as to ensure the normal realization of bank income and tax.

This kind of loan will inevitably lead to false income and false profits, and face huge risks.

The core of the principle of prudence is sound operation. It emphasizes that the losses and expenses that can be foreseen should be recorded and confirmed, and the income that is not very sure can not be recognized and accounted for.

For example, if a borrower fails to pay interest, it should depend on whether the interest can be recovered in the short term.

Those that can be recovered can be included in the form, and the interest income should be increased accordingly. In the near future, we should be listed on the off balance sheet basis in accordance with the principle of caution so as to prevent the formation of virtual income.

Obviously, in the confirmation of financial revenue and expenditure, especially in the confirmation of income, accrual system requires strict implementation of the receivable and payable system, without considering whether there is a phenomenon of virtual income. The prudence principle requires that we must operate prudently, and any income must be built on the basis of realization so as to prevent and eliminate virtual income.

In this way, the two principles that were originally set up formed obvious contradictions in the recognition of revenue and expenditure.

In the west, from the government authority, the supervision department to the enterprise itself, when the conflict between the accrual basis principle and the prudence principle occurs, the prudence principle is given priority, and the accrual basis is guided by the prudence principle.

China's situation is just the opposite. From the perspective of enterprises, it is obvious that priority should be given to the principle of prudence. But the financial and relevant supervisory departments first consider the realization of current revenue and the current budget balance, focusing on the priority of accrual basis, and enterprises are forced to do so.

In China's application of the two principles, the principle of prudence guided by the accrual basis principle is actually implemented.

The implementation of the accrual basis principle: according to the current general financial regulations of enterprises and the financial system of the industry, the accrual basis of most of the revenue and expenditure items in the financial accounting of state-owned commercial banks mainly includes the following aspects: (1) the interest income from loans within half a year; (2) the income from financial institutions; (3) investment income; (4) interest payments on time deposits; (5) expenditures by financial institutions; (6) major expenditures for fixed assets repair, lease, low value and easy to purchase items, and security defence; (7) amortization of intangible assets; (8) depreciation of fixed assets; (9) depreciation of various types of assets; (9) various taxes.

The implementation of accrual basis principle: because of the particularity of the scope of banking operation, its income depends on the quality of loans and investment, and has obvious elasticity, and most of its expenditures directly face the normal operation of depositors and maintain business operations.

Therefore, the main factor affecting the accrual basis is income, which lies in the quality of loans and investment.

In terms of income, China's state-owned commercial banks are born out of state-owned specialized banks. Many well-known reasons make their credit assets structure single and poor quality.

The implementation of accrual basis does not take account of the current situation of loan quality in the pition of new and old systems. It only stipulates that all loans that have been overdue for more than half a year (3 years, 2 years and 1 years before) cease to be charged interest, leading to a high interest rate in state-owned commercial banks.

This means that state-owned commercial banks are paying national tax profits (business tax, income tax and profits) with paid in capital or customer deposits.

What is more serious is that the quality of state-owned commercial banks has not been effective for a long time, and a large number of loans can not normally receive interest. It has become an objective reality for quite a long time in the future.

Therefore, the implementation of this system will inevitably make the interest of the state-owned commercial banks in the form of accounts more and more large.

The consequence of false prosperity and huge debt is not only the lack of stamina in developing state owned commercial banks, but also the simple food and clothing, and the ability to resist risks has gradually declined, and the operational risk has gradually increased.

In terms of expenditure, the time deposits payable in accordance with accrual basis principle, payable at any time point, should be paid to the customers regardless of the amount of interest paid at any time point. The bank can only occupy the time difference at best. In recent years, due to the credit of financial funds, the huge value preservation subsidy has already cut down the interest payable by the state-owned commercial banks from the Ming and secretly.

On the other hand, the principle of accrual basis is more obvious than the amortization of intangible assets and deferred assets.

Within the framework of the current system, the amortization of the two assets simply considers the beneficial period of assets and ignores the sound operation.

For example, the requirements of land use right and patent technology in intangible assets are strictly amortized according to the years of benefit, and the benefit years can not be determined. They are required to be amortized for no less than 10 years. The starting expenses for deferred assets are required to be sold in less than 5 years from the date of the establishment of enterprises.

These regulations artificially restrict enterprises to amortize expenses in accordance with the principle of prudence.

Even if a business bank has a large amount of profit, the cost of this year can be completely digested for the intangible assets and deferred assets that have been posted up, and can not be amortized because the assets waiting to be apportioned have not reached the period of benefit.

Accordingly, even if policy or business losses occur in the following years, the cost will not be able to absorb the expenses to be paid, and the mandatory amortization will also be necessary.

Under the guidance of this principle, state owned commercial banks can actually pay direct or indirect costs without restrictions, and the insufficient cost limits can be deferred.

From the two aspects of income and expenditure, the advanced and impractical implementation of the accrual basis makes the state-owned commercial banks' income unreal, spending and dropping, and the risk of profit and loss and latent crisis increase year by year, and the consequences are self-evident.

The implementation of prudence principle: according to the general financial regulations and financial regulations of state-owned enterprises, the financial accounting of state owned commercial banks embodies the principle of caution in the following aspects: (1) the loan bad debt reserve system has been established; (2) the reserve for bad debts has been extracted according to the balance of accounts receivable, and at the same time, it is stipulated that the cost of bad debts that happened in the year and the conditions that meet the requirements can be entered into the cost of the current year; (3) the depreciation of fixed assets should be accelerated; (4) the loan prices of loans and mortgages should be properly handled.

The implementation of prudence principle: from the scope of execution of prudence principle, the current prudence principle only plays a role in the partial cost of state-owned commercial banks, and the ratio of bad debts and bad debt reserves is very small.

Through the above description and analysis, the author believes that in the financial management of state-owned commercial banks in China, the accrual basis principle is still far away from the objective reality of state-owned commercial banks in China, resulting in the huge amount of interest on bills being unable to digest.

On the contrary, due to the inherent deficiencies of the system, the application of the principle of prudence is limited, and it can not make up for the negative effects caused by the advance application of the accrual basis, and the contradiction is very prominent.

Since the principle of accrual basis and prudence are recognized by the international accounting community, it is necessary for us to have the most important influence on business activities and final business results.

Our task is to study ways of resolving contradictions without escaping from reality.

The author believes that, whether from the overall situation of sustained, stable and healthy development of the national macro-economy, or from the micro perspective of financial enterprises' continuous self-development and self-improvement, the premise of reconciling contradictions is that the accrual basis principle should be placed in the principle of prudence, and the principle of prudence is in the main aspect of contradiction.

Since the implementation of accrual basis may affect firm's steady operation or may lead to bubble economy, we must give priority to the principle of prudence.

The determination of interest income.

Taking into account the undetermined loan maturity and the unreasonable division of loan form, a large number of state-owned commercial banks left behind by history should be unified.

About loan bad debt preparation.

First, we should expand the scope of loan reserve requirements.

Cancellation of the current mortgage, mortgage loans, discount, import and export bills must not mention the provision of bad debt reserve, fully consider the mortgage, pledge and discount, negotiable instruments also have the market value of the risk of falling, with all the loans of commercial banks as the basis for calculating the reserve for bad debts.

The two is to increase the proportion of the reserve for bad debts, which can still maintain a proportion.

The ratio can be fixed or floating, but the ratio of bad loans should not be less than 20%, that is, to ensure that the confirmed bad loans can be written off within 5 years.

The three is to simplify the procedures for identification and verification of bad loans.

We should abolish the way of public evidence collection and financial review by banks, and authorize commercial banks to identify and cancel them according to the unified regulations of the central bank.

About bad debt preparation.

On the one hand, we can continue to maintain the current provision for bad debts, which will be directly included in the cost of bad debts that are eligible for the year but exceed the reserve for bad debts.

On the other hand, we should consider abolishing the reserve requirement for bad debts.

For receivable interest or accounts receivable which can not be recovered over a 1~2 interest period, the income of the current period will be written off and later recovered into the current income.

The amortization of intangible assets and deferred assets can be compared to the practice of western countries, only stipulates the upper limit of the amortization period, and does not specify the lower limit. During this period, the enterprises will independently amortize the enterprises according to their operating conditions and cost bearing capacity.

　　由于权责发生制原则与谨慎性原则在国有商业银行实行多年，积存的矛盾已经很多，牵涉到很多方面，改革所面临的最大困难是如何消化巨额的挂账利息。笔者认为，改革应当分步实施，慎重行事，实行软着陆，防止大起大落，带来不必要的负效应和社会影响 。